Hair follicles are minute openings in the skin’s outer layer. Adjacent to these follicles are sebaceous glands producing sebum. This sebum typically travels up the hair follicle, nourishing and safeguarding the skin. However, issues arise when sebum doesn’t reach the skin’s surface and becomes trapped within the follicle. This blockage, combined with bacteria and dead skin, results in the inflammation known as acne. As bacteria proliferate, pus forms, leading to the recognizable and often painful spots or pimples.

Blackheads: Open follicles blocked by dead skin cells and sebum. Exposure to air leads to oxidation, turning their content black.
Whiteheads: Similar to blackheads, but the follicle remains closed preventing oxidation, which keeps the content white.
Papules: Small, red skin bumps without visible pus. They form when the blocked follicle breaks and spills its contents, causing surrounding skin irritation.
Pustules: Evolved papules with visible pus on the surface. They have a red base with a white or yellow center.
Nodules: A more severe form, these are larger, deeper skin bumps that can be painful.
Cysts: The most intense form of acne, cysts are deep, large, and possibly due to infections. They can lead to permanent scarring.

When left untreated, acne might not be harmful, but picking at spots can lead to scarring. Moreover, the impact on mood and self-confidence can be profound. Acne affects millions globally, influencing both young and older adults. With our photo diagnosis service, you can quickly determine if you’re experiencing acne without the hassle of an in-person appointment.

Hormonal Changes: Hormonal shifts, especially during puberty, increase sebum production. Teenagers are thus frequently affected. Additionally, hormonal alterations during pregnancy and certain menstrual cycle phases can also trigger acne in women.

Diet: While chocolate and greasy foods aren’t direct culprits, some studies point to high-carbohydrate foods as potential exacerbators. Nonetheless, a balanced diet promotes overall skin health.

Medications: Some drugs, including specific contraceptives, oral corticosteroids, and some B vitamins, can instigate or worsen acne.

Stress: Though not a primary cause, stress can exacerbate acne in predisposed individuals.

1. Antibiotic Tablets: Generally prescribed for severe acne.
• Lymecycline: Targets acne-causing bacteria. It’s typically taken once daily, ensuring ample water intake.
• Oxytetracycline: A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it’s crucial to take on an empty stomach, keeping a window between milk consumption.

2. Hormonal Treatments: Ideal for women with acne flares linked to their menstrual cycle. Combined contraceptive pills, which decrease androgen levels, reduce sebum production and thus, acne.

3. Retinoid Tablets: These are Vitamin A derivatives. They foster new skin cell growth, leading to exfoliation, aiding in clearing pores of dead skin cells and excess sebum. They also combat inflammation.

4. Topical Treatments: These are directly applied to the skin and are often the first line of defense for mild to moderate acne.
• Zineryt: Contains erythromycin (antibacterial) and zinc acetate (healing agent).
• Epiduo: Combines benzoyl peroxide (antibacterial) with adapalene (a retinoid).
• Differin: Contains the retinoid adapalene, which has anti-inflammatory properties.
• Aknemycin Plus: Merges erythromycin with tretinoin, aiding in both bacterial reduction and skin cell turnover.

5. Over-the-Counter Treatments: These typically include face washes or creams containing benzoyl peroxide, an effective antibacterial agent.

6. Non-Pharmaceutical Treatments: • Drainage or Extractions: Professionals can safely and effectively remove deep-seated spots. • Alternative Therapies: From homemade facial masks to increased exercise, various non-traditional treatments may offer relief. However, it’s crucial to consult a professional before experimenting.

Selecting an effective acne remedy depends on various factors, including acne type and severity. Consulting a dermatologist or physician ensures a tailored treatment approach.

As with all medications, acne treatments can have side effects. These may include redness, irritation, dryness, and more for topical treatments, or symptoms like an upset stomach for oral medications. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals must consult a physician before starting any treatment.
For a holistic understanding, always refer to the patient information leaflet accompanying medications or seek advice from healthcare professionals.