What Causes Anaphylaxis and How to Prevent It?
Introduction
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention. It occurs when the immune system overreacts to a specific allergen, leading to a rapid and dangerous response. Symptoms can develop within minutes of exposure, making early intervention crucial.
Recognising common anaphylaxis triggers, understanding risk factors, and knowing how to prevent and respond to an anaphylactic reaction can save lives.
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Common Causes of Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis can be triggered by exposure to certain allergens. The most common causes include:
1. Foods
- Nuts (peanuts, tree nuts like almonds, walnuts, cashews).
- Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster).
- Dairy products (milk, cheese, eggs).
- Soy and wheat-based products.
2. Insect Stings
- Bee and wasp stings are among the most common causes of anaphylactic reactions.
- Reactions can be severe and occur within minutes after a sting.
3. Medications
- Antibiotics (penicillin, amoxicillin).
- Pain relievers (NSAIDs like ibuprofen, aspirin).
- Anaesthetic drugs used in medical procedures.
4. Latex
- Found in medical gloves, balloons, and some adhesives.
- Common in healthcare workers and individuals with frequent medical treatments.
5. Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis
- Strenuous physical activity combined with certain foods or medications can trigger a reaction.
- Can occur with or without an allergen present.
Understanding these triggers allows individuals to take preventive measures and reduce exposure risks.
Risk Factors for Anaphylaxis
Certain individuals are more susceptible to anaphylaxis due to:
1. Family History of Allergies
- If close relatives have severe allergies, there’s a higher chance of developing anaphylaxis.
2. Asthma or Other Allergic Conditions
- Those with asthma, eczema, or allergic rhinitis (hay fever) are at greater risk of severe allergic reactions.
3. Previous Anaphylactic Episodes
- Having one anaphylactic reaction increases the risk of another.
- Future reactions may be more severe.
4. Sensitisation Over Time
- Some individuals become more sensitive to allergens after repeated exposure.
Those at risk should always be prepared and take preventive steps to avoid severe allergic reactions.
Prevention Strategies
1. Avoid Known Allergens
- Read food labels carefully to check for hidden allergens.
- Inform restaurants and food service providers about allergies.
- Use latex-free gloves and products if allergic to latex.
2. Carry an Emergency Allergy Kit
- Individuals with severe allergies should always carry an adrenaline injector (EpiPen).
- Keep an antihistamine (e.g., cetirizine or loratadine) in case of mild symptoms.
- Wear a medical alert bracelet indicating known allergies.
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3. Educate Those Around You
- Teach family, friends, and co-workers how to use an EpiPen.
- Inform schools, workplaces, and childcare providers about allergies.
4. Regular Check-Ups with an Allergy Specialist
- Visit a doctor for allergy testing and management plans.
- Desensitisation therapy (allergy shots) may help reduce allergic responses over time.
Proper preparation and awareness can significantly reduce the risk of anaphylaxis.
What to Do in an Anaphylactic Emergency
Anaphylaxis requires immediate action. If symptoms occur:
Step 1: Administer an EpiPen (Adrenaline Auto-Injector)
- Inject into the outer thigh muscle (can be done through clothing).
- Hold for 3-5 seconds to ensure full delivery.
- Do not hesitate—early adrenaline administration can save lives.
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Step 2: Call Emergency Services Immediately
- Dial 999 (UK) or 112 for an ambulance.
- Even if symptoms improve, medical observation is essential.
Step 3: Lie Flat and Stay Calm
- Keep the person lying flat with legs elevated to help blood flow.
- If struggling to breathe, allow them to sit upright.
Step 4: Use a Second EpiPen if Needed
- If symptoms do not improve within 5-10 minutes, administer a second dose.
Step 5: Follow Up with a Doctor
- Anaphylaxis can cause a secondary reaction (biphasic anaphylaxis) hours later.
- Seek further medical evaluation even after recovery.
Immediate action can mean the difference between life and death in an anaphylactic emergency.
Conclusion
Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that requires quick recognition and immediate treatment. Knowing the common triggers, risk factors, and emergency response steps can save lives.
Key Takeaways:
- Common causes include food, insect stings, medications, and latex.
- Individuals with a history of severe allergies are at higher risk.
- The best prevention is avoiding known allergens and carrying an EpiPen.
- In an emergency, administer adrenaline (EpiPen) immediately and call emergency services.
Being prepared is essential. Get expert allergy management advice and EpiPen prescriptions at MedCare Health Clinic & Pharmacy.